Rapid Epidemiological Analysis of Comorbidities and Treatments as risk factors for COVID-19 in Scotland (REACT-SCOT): A population-based case-control study
Autoři:
Paul M. McKeigue aff001; Amanda Weir aff002; Jen Bishop aff002; Stuart J. McGurnaghan aff003; Sharon Kennedy aff004; David McAllister aff002; Chris Robertson aff006; Rachael Wood aff004; Nazir Lone aff001; Janet Murray aff002; Thomas M. Caparrotta aff003; Alison Smith-Palmer aff002; David Goldberg aff002; Jim McMenamin aff002; Colin Ramsay aff002; Sharon Hutchinson aff002; Helen M. Colhoun aff002;
Působiště autorů:
Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
aff001; Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
aff002; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
aff003; NHS Information Services Division (Public Health Scotland), Edinburgh, Scotland
aff004; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
aff005; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
aff006; School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
aff007
Vyšlo v časopise:
Rapid Epidemiological Analysis of Comorbidities and Treatments as risk factors for COVID-19 in Scotland (REACT-SCOT): A population-based case-control study. PLoS Med 17(10): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003374
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003374
Souhrn
Background
The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to lay the basis for risk stratification based on demographic data and health records.
Methods and findings
The design was a matched case-control study. Severe COVID-19 was defined as either a positive nucleic acid test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the national database followed by entry to a critical care unit or death within 28 days or a death certificate with COVID-19 as underlying cause. Up to 10 controls per case matched for sex, age, and primary care practice were selected from the national population register. For this analysis—based on ascertainment of positive test results up to 6 June 2020, entry to critical care up to 14 June 2020, and deaths registered up to 14 June 2020—there were 36,948 controls and 4,272 cases, of which 1,894 (44%) were care home residents. All diagnostic codes from the past 5 years of hospitalisation records and all drug codes from prescriptions dispensed during the past 240 days were extracted. Rate ratios for severe COVID-19 were estimated by conditional logistic regression. In a logistic regression using the age-sex distribution of the national population, the odds ratios for severe disease were 2.87 for a 10-year increase in age and 1.63 for male sex. In the case-control analysis, the strongest risk factor was residence in a care home, with rate ratio 21.4 (95% CI 19.1–23.9, p = 8 × 10−644). Univariate rate ratios for conditions listed by public health agencies as conferring high risk were 2.75 (95% CI 1.96–3.88, p = 6 × 10−9) for type 1 diabetes, 1.60 (95% CI 1.48–1.74, p = 8 × 10−30) for type 2 diabetes, 1.49 (95% CI 1.37–1.61, p = 3 × 10−21) for ischemic heart disease, 2.23 (95% CI 2.08–2.39, p = 4 × 10−109) for other heart disease, 1.96 (95% CI 1.83–2.10, p = 2 × 10−78) for chronic lower respiratory tract disease, 4.06 (95% CI 3.15–5.23, p = 3 × 10−27) for chronic kidney disease, 5.4 (95% CI 4.9–5.8, p = 1 × 10−354) for neurological disease, 3.61 (95% CI 2.60–5.00, p = 2 × 10−14) for chronic liver disease, and 2.66 (95% CI 1.86–3.79, p = 7 × 10−8) for immune deficiency or suppression. Seventy-eight percent of cases and 52% of controls had at least one listed condition (51% of cases and 11% of controls under age 40). Severe disease was associated with encashment of at least one prescription in the past 9 months and with at least one hospital admission in the past 5 years (rate ratios 3.10 [95% CI 2.59–3.71] and 2.75 [95% CI 2.53–2.99], respectively) even after adjusting for the listed conditions. In those without listed conditions, significant associations with severe disease were seen across many hospital diagnoses and drug categories. Age and sex provided 2.58 bits of information for discrimination. A model based on demographic variables, listed conditions, hospital diagnoses, and prescriptions provided an additional 1.07 bits (C-statistic 0.804). A limitation of this study is that records from primary care were not available.
Conclusions
We have shown that, along with older age and male sex, severe COVID-19 is strongly associated with past medical history across all age groups. Many comorbidities beyond the risk conditions designated by public health agencies contribute to this. A risk classifier that uses all the information available in health records, rather than only a limited set of conditions, will more accurately discriminate between low-risk and high-risk individuals who may require shielding until the epidemic is over.
Klíčová slova:
Age groups – Cardiovascular disease risk – COVID 19 – diabetes mellitus – Medical risk factors – Scotland – Type 2 diabetes risk – Virus testing
Zdroje
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