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Dětská obezita: příčiny, důsledky a prevence


Autoři: Aus Tariq Ali;  Faisal Al-Ani;  Osamah Al-Ani
Vyšlo v časopise: Čes. slov. Farm., 2023; 72, 21-36
Kategorie: Přehledy a odborná sdělení
doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5817/CSF2023-1-21

Souhrn

V důsledku dramatického nárůstu prevalence nadváhy a obezity u dětí je dětská obezita jedním z nejzávažnějších globálních problémů veřejného zdraví 21. století. K nárůstu hmotnosti dochází, když příjem energie převyšuje její výdej. Na její patogenezi se podílejí jak genetické faktory, tak faktory prostředí (např. sedavý způsob života). Dětská obezita je spojena s fyzickými, psychologickými a sociálními důsledky. U obézních dětí je vyšší riziko zvýšené glykemie nalačno, inzulinové rezistence, poruchy glukózové tolerance, diabetu 2. typu, hypertenze, syndromu polycystických ovarií (PCOS), aterosklerózy a kardiovaskulárních onemocnění (CVD), spánkové apnoe a astmatu. Psychologické a sociální důsledky zahrnují nízké sebevědomí, sociální nepohodlí a izolaci a deprese. Od doby, kdy byl COVID-19 prohlášen za celosvětovou pandemii, byly drasticky postiženy miliony dětí a dospívajících na celém světě. Na jedné straně COVID-19 zvýšil prevalenci přibývání na váze a dětské obezity, na straně druhé přestavuje COVID-19 pro obézní děti velké riziko. V rámci tohoto příspěvku uvádíme podrobnosti o endokrinních, metabolických a epidemiologických aspektech dětské obezity se stručnou diskusí o vztahu mezi COVID-19 a dětskou obezitou. Kapitola týkající se endokrinních aspektů se zaměřila na patofyziologii dětské obezity a úlohu adipocytů a inzulinu v mechanismu vzniku obezity. Kapitola o metabolických aspektech se zabývá metabolickými chorobami souvisejícími s dětskou obezitou. Naproti tomu kapitola zaměřená na epidemiologické aspekty se zabývá rizikovými faktory dětské obezity a současnými přístupy k prevenci dětské obezity.

Klíčová slova:

dětská obezita – epidemiologie – prevence – rizikové faktory – COVID-19 – endokrinní role – metabolická role


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