#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Quality of clinical management of children diagnosed with malaria: A cross-sectional assessment in 9 sub-Saharan African countries between 2007–2018


Autoři: Jessica L. Cohen aff001;  Hannah H. Leslie aff001;  Indrani Saran aff002;  Günther Fink aff003
Působiště autorů: Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America aff001;  Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America aff002;  Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland aff003;  University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland aff004
Vyšlo v časopise: Quality of clinical management of children diagnosed with malaria: A cross-sectional assessment in 9 sub-Saharan African countries between 2007–2018. PLoS Med 17(9): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003254
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003254

Souhrn

Background

Appropriate clinical management of malaria in children is critical for preventing progression to severe disease and for reducing the continued high burden of malaria mortality. This study aimed to assess the quality of care provided to children under 5 diagnosed with malaria across 9 sub-Saharan African countries.

Methods and findings

We used data from the Service Provision Assessment (SPA) survey. SPAs are nationally representative facility surveys capturing quality of sick-child care, facility readiness, and provider and patient characteristics. The data set contained 24,756 direct clinical observations of outpatient sick-child visits across 9 countries, including Uganda (2007), Rwanda (2007), Namibia (2009), Kenya (2010), Malawi (2013), Senegal (2013–2017), Ethiopia (2014), Tanzania (2015), and Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018). We assessed the proportion of children with a malaria diagnosis who received a blood test diagnosis and an appropriate antimalarial. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess facility and provider and patient characteristics associated with these outcomes. Subgroup analyses with the 2013–2018 country surveys only were conducted for all outcomes. Children observed were on average 20.5 months old and were most commonly diagnosed with respiratory infection (47.7%), malaria (29.7%), and/or gastrointestinal infection (19.7%). Among the 7,340 children with a malaria diagnosis, 32.5% (95% CI: 30.3%–34.7%) received both a blood-test–based diagnosis and an appropriate antimalarial. The proportion of children with a blood test diagnosis and an appropriate antimalarial ranged from 3.4% to 57.1% across countries. In the more recent surveys (2013–2018), 40.7% (95% CI: 37.7%–43.6%) of children with a malaria diagnosis received both a blood test diagnosis and appropriate antimalarial. Roughly 20% of children diagnosed with malaria received no antimalarial at all, and nearly 10% received oral artemisinin monotherapy, which is not recommended because of concerns regarding parasite resistance. Receipt of a blood test diagnosis and appropriate antimalarial was positively correlated with being seen at a facility with diagnostic equipment in stock (adjusted OR 3.67; 95% CI: 2.72–4.95) and, in the 2013–2018 subsample, with being seen at a facility with Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) in stock (adjusted OR 1.60; 95% CI:1.04–2.46). However, even if all children diagnosed with malaria were seen by a trained provider at a facility with diagnostics and medicines in stock, only a predicted 37.2% (95% CI: 34.2%–40.1%) would have received a blood test and appropriate antimalarial (44.4% for the 2013–2018 subsample). Study limitations include the lack of confirmed malaria test results for most survey years, the inability to distinguish between a diagnosis of uncomplicated or severe malaria, the absence of other relevant indicators of quality of care including dosing and examinations, and that only 9 countries were studied.

Conclusions

In this study, we found that a majority of children diagnosed with malaria across the 9 surveyed sub-Saharan African countries did not receive recommended care. Clinical management is positively correlated with the stocking of essential commodities and is somewhat improved in more recent years, but important quality gaps remain in the countries studied. Continued reductions in malaria mortality will require a bigger push toward quality improvements in clinical care.

Klíčová slova:

Antimalarials – Artemisinin – Blood – Health care facilities – Malaria – Medical devices and equipment – Pediatrics – Quality of care


Zdroje

1. Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. The Lancet. 2005;365: 1147–1152. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71877-8

2. World Health Organization. World malaria report 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019.

3. Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526: 207–211. doi: 10.1038/nature15535 26375008

4. Sinclair D, Zani B, Donegan S, Olliaro P, Garner P. Artemisinin-based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated malaria. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2009. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD007483.pub2

5. Thwing J, Eisele TP, Steketee RW. Protective efficacy of malaria case management and intermittent preventive treatment for preventing malaria mortality in children: a systematic review for the Lives Saved Tool. BMC Public Health. 2011;11: S14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S14 21501431

6. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015.

7. D’Acremont V, Kilowoko M, Kyungu E, Philipina S, Sangu W, Kahama-Maro J, et al. Beyond Malaria—Causes of Fever in Outpatient Tanzanian Children. N Engl J Med. 2014;370: 809–817. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214482 24571753

8. World Health Organization. World malaria report 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018.

9. Thiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, et al. Major Reduction in Anti-Malarial Drug Consumption in Senegal after Nation-Wide Introduction of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests. Pied S, editor. PLoS ONE. 2011;6: e18419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018419 21494674

10. Altaras R. Integrating mRDTs into the health system in Uganda: Preparing health workers for routine use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests [Internet]. London, UK: Malaria Consortium; 2014 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. https://www.malariaconsortium.org/resources/publications/323/integrating-mrdts-into-the-health-system-in-uganda-preparing-health-workers-for-routine-use-of-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests

11. President’s Malaria Initiative. Community Health Workers Empowered to use RDTs in Rwanda [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. https://www.pmi.gov/news/stories-from-the-field/stories-from-the-field—detail/community-health-workers-empowered-to-use-rdts-in-rwanda

12. Smith Gueye C, Gerigk M, Newby G, Lourenco C, Uusiku P, Liu J. Namibia’s path toward malaria elimination: a case study of malaria strategies and costs along the northern border. BMC Public Health. 2014;14: 1190. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1190 25409682

13. Poyer S, Musuva A, Njoki N, Okara R, Cutherell A, Sievers D, et al. Fever case management at private health facilities and private pharmacies on the Kenyan coast: analysis of data from two rounds of client exit interviews and mystery client visits. Malar J. 2018;17: 112. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2267-8 29534750

14. Namuyinga RJ, Mwandama D, Moyo D, Gumbo A, Troell P, Kobayashi M, et al. Health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines at outpatient health facilities in southern Malawi following implementation of universal access to diagnostic testing. Malar J. 2017;16: 40. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-1693-3 28114942

15. Taffese HS, Hemming-Schroeder E, Koepfli C, Tesfaye G, Lee M, Kazura J, et al. Malaria epidemiology and interventions in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7: 103. doi: 10.1186/s40249-018-0487-3 30392470

16. Masanja IM, Selemani M, Amuri B, Kajungu D, Khatib R, Kachur SP, et al. Increased use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests improves targeting of anti-malarial treatment in rural Tanzania: implications for nationwide rollout of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2012;11: 221. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-221 22747655

17. Lechthaler F, Matthys B, Lechthaler-Felber G, Likwela JL, Mavoko HM, Rika JM, et al. Trends in reported malaria cases and the effects of malaria control in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS ONE. 2019;14: e0219853. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219853 31344062

18. World Health Organization, editor. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006.

19. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.

20. Zhao J, Lama M, Korenromp E, Aylward P, Shargie E, Filler S, et al. Adoption of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for the Diagnosis of Malaria, a Preliminary Analysis of the Global Fund Program Data, 2005 to 2010. Noor AM, editor. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e43549. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043549 22952703

21. Kenangalem E, Poespoprodjo JR, Douglas NM, Burdam FH, Gdeumana K, Chalfein F, et al. Malaria morbidity and mortality following introduction of a universal policy of artemisinin-based treatment for malaria in Papua, Indonesia: A longitudinal surveillance study. PLoS Med. 2019;16: e1002815. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002815 31167228

22. Macarayan E, Papanicolas I, Jha A. The quality of malaria care in 25 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5: e002023. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002023 32133188

23. Johansson EW, Gething PW, Hildenwall H, Mappin B, Petzold M, Peterson SS, et al. Diagnostic Testing of Pediatric Fevers: Meta-Analysis of 13 National Surveys Assessing Influences of Malaria Endemicity and Source of Care on Test Uptake for Febrile Children under Five Years. Yukich J, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e95483. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095483 24748201

24. O’Boyle S, Bruxvoort KJ, Ansah EK, Burchett HED, Chandler CIR, Clarke SE, et al. Patients with positive malaria tests not given artemisinin-based combination therapies: a research synthesis describing under-prescription of antimalarial medicines in Africa. BMC Med. 2020;18: 17. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1483-6 31996199

25. Bennett A, Bisanzio D, Yukich JO, Mappin B, Fergus CA, Lynch M, et al. Population coverage of artemisinin-based combination treatment in children younger than 5 years with fever and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, 2003–2015: a modelling study using data from national surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5: e418–e427. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30076-1 28288746

26. Alonso PL, Tanner M. Public health challenges and prospects for malaria control and elimination. Nat Med. 2013;19: 150–155. doi: 10.1038/nm.3077 23389615

27. ACTwatch Group, Tougher S, Hanson K, Goodman C. What happened to anti-malarial markets after the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria pilot? Trends in ACT availability, price and market share from five African countries under continuation of the private sector co-payment mechanism. Malar J. 2017;16: 173. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-1814-z 28441956

28. World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme. World malaria report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017.

29. Alegana VA, Maina J, Ouma PO, Macharia PM, Wright J, Atkinson PM, et al. National and sub-national variation in patterns of febrile case management in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Commun. 2018;9: 4994. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07536-9 30478314

30. Opondo C, Allen E, Todd J, English M. Association of the Paediatric Admission Quality of Care score with mortality in Kenyan hospitals: a validation study. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6: e203–e210. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30484-9 29389541

31. Muller O, Traore C, Becher H, Kouyate B. Malaria morbidity, treatment-seeking behaviour, and mortality in a cohort of young children in rural Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8: 290–296. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01030.x 12667146

32. Biai S, Rodrigues A, Gomes M, Ribeiro I, Sodemann M, Alves F, et al. Reduced in-hospital mortality after improved management of children under 5 years admitted to hospital with malaria: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;335: 862. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39345.467813.80 17954513

33. Kruk ME, Gage AD, Joseph NT, Danaei G, García-Saisó S, Salomon JA. Mortality due to low-quality health systems in the universal health coverage era: a systematic analysis of amenable deaths in 137 countries. The Lancet. 2018;392(10160): 2203–2212. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31668-4 30195398

34. Kabaghe AN, Visser BJ, Spijker R, Phiri KS, Grobusch MP, van Vugt M. Health workers’ compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2016;15: 163. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1218-5 26979286

35. Boyce MR, O’Meara WP. Use of malaria RDTs in various health contexts across sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017;17: 470. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4398-1 28521798

36. Bruxvoort KJ, Leurent B, Chandler CIR, Ansah EK, Baiden F, Björkman A, et al. The Impact of Introducing Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests on Fever Case Management: A Synthesis of Ten Studies from the ACT Consortium. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97: 1170–1179. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0955 28820705

37. Martin T, Eliades MJ, Wun J, Burnett SM, Alombah F, Ntumy R, et al. Effect of Supportive Supervision on Competency of Febrile Clinical Case Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100: 882–888. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0365 30793696

38. ICF. The DHS Program: SPA Overview [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Feb 7]. https://dhsprogram.com/What-We-Do/Survey-Types/SPA.cfm

39. The DHS Program User Forum: Service Provision Assessment (SPA). » How was data collected in bigger hospitals in the Malawi SPA inventory questionnaire 2013? [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Dec 5]. https://userforum.dhsprogram.com/index.php?t=msg&th=6578&start=0&

40. Taylor C, Linn A, Wang W, Moussa H. Gaps in Service Utilization and Service Provision: An analysis of DHS and SPA Malaria Data from Malawi, Senegal, and Tanzania. Rockville, Maryland: ICF; 2018. Report No.: 67.

41. World Health Organization. Emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance calls for intensified efforts to withdraw oral artemisinin-based monotherapy from the market [Internet]. Report No: WHO/HTM/GMP/2014.3. 2014 [cited 2019 Feb 7]. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/oral-artemisinin-based-monotherapies-1may2014.pdf

42. Colin Cameron A, Miller DL. A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference. J Hum Resour. 2015;50: 317–372. doi: 10.3368/jhr.50.2.317

43. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: STataCorp LP; 2015.

44. D’Acremont V, Lengeler C, Mshinda H, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, Genton B. Time To Move from Presumptive Malaria Treatment to Laboratory-Confirmed Diagnosis and Treatment in African Children with Fever. PLoS Med. 2009;6: e252. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050252 19127974

45. Drakeley C, Reyburn H. Out with the old, in with the new: the utility of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria diagnosis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103: 333–337. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.10.003 19019399

46. Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A, Chhaganlal KD, et al. Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial. The Lancet. 2010;376: 1647–1657. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1 21062666

47. Ford NP, de Smet M, Kolappa K, White NJ. Responding to the evidence for the management of severe malaria: Editorial. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16: 1085–1086. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02810.x 21689220

48. Wongsrichanalai C, Sibley CH. Fighting drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum: the challenge of artemisinin resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19: 908–916. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12316 24033691

49. Burchett HED, Leurent B, Baiden F, Baltzell K, Björkman A, Bruxvoort K, et al. Improving prescribing practices with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs): synthesis of 10 studies to explore reasons for variation in malaria RDT uptake and adherence. BMJ Open. 2017;7: e012973. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012973 28274962

50. Zurovac D, Tibenderana JK, Nankabirwa J, Ssekitooleko J, Njogu JN, Rwakimari JB, et al. Malaria case-management under artemether-lumefantrine treatment policy in Uganda. Malar J. 2008;7: 181. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-181 18803833

51. Mishra N, Gupta R, Singh S, Rana R, Shahi B, Das MK, et al. Insights following change in drug policy: a descriptive study for antimalarial prescription practices in children of public sector health facilities in Jharkhand state of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 2013;50: 271–277. 24499849

52. Hennessee I, Chinkhumba J, Briggs-Hagen M, Bauleni A, Shah MP, Chalira A, et al. Household costs among patients hospitalized with malaria: evidence from a national survey in Malawi, 2012. Malar J. 2017;16: 395. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2038-y 28969643

53. Opwora A, Waweru E, Toda M, Noor A, Edwards T, Fegan G, et al. Implementation of patient charges at primary care facilities in Kenya: implications of low adherence to user fee policy for users and facility revenue. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30: 508–517. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czu026 24837638

54. Mikkelsen-Lopez I, Shango W, Barrington J, Ziegler R, Smith T, deSavigny D. The challenge to avoid anti-malarial medicine stock-outs in an era of funding partners: the case of Tanzania. Malar J. 2014;13: 181. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-181 24885420

55. Zurovac D. Predictors of the quality of health worker treatment practices for uncomplicated malaria at government health facilities in Kenya. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33: 1080–1091. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyh253 15256523

56. Skarbinski J, Ouma PO, Causer LM, Kariuki SK, Barnwell JW, Alaii JA, et al. Effect of malaria rapid diagnostic tests on the management of uncomplicated malaria with artemether-lumefantrine in Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80: 919–926. 19478249

57. Cundill B, Mbakilwa H, Chandler CI, Mtove G, Mtei F, Willetts A, et al. Prescriber and patient-oriented behavioural interventions to improve use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Tanzania: facility-based cluster randomised trial. BMC Med. 2015;13: 118. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0346-z 25980737

58. Mbacham WF, Mangham-Jefferies L, Cundill B, Achonduh OA, Chandler CI, Ambebila JN, et al. Basic or enhanced clinician training to improve adherence to malaria treatment guidelines: a cluster-randomised trial in two areas of Cameroon. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2: e346–e358. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70201-3 25103303

59. Leslie HH, Gage A, Nsona H, Hirschhorn LR, Kruk ME. Training And Supervision Did Not Meaningfully Improve Quality Of Care For Pregnant Women Or Sick Children In Sub-Saharan Africa. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35: 1716–1724. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0261 27605655

60. Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Peters DH, Holloway KA, Chalker J, Ross-Degnan D. Effectiveness of strategies to improve health-care provider practices in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6: e1163–e1175. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30398-X 30309799

61. Kruk ME, Gage AD, Arsenault C, Jordan K, Leslie HH, Roder-DeWan S, et al. High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6: e1196–e1252. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3 30196093

62. Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The Lancet. 2010;376: 1923–1958. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5

63. Bowser D, Abbas Y, Odunleye T, Broughton E, Bossert T. Pilot study of quality of care training and knowledge in Sub-Saharan African medical schools. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8: 276–282. doi: 10.5116/ijme.595b.b38c 28753130

64. Lange S, Mwisongo A, Mæstad O. Why don’t clinicians adhere more consistently to guidelines for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)? Soc Sci Med. 2014;104: 56–63. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.020 24581062

65. Shah JA, Emina JBO, Eckert E, Ye Y. Prompt access to effective malaria treatment among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis of national household survey data. Malar J. 2015;14: 329. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0844-7 26303581

66. Eisele TP, Silumbe K, Yukich J, Hamainza B, Keating J, Bennett A, et al. Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Accuracy of Measuring Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Malaria from Household Surveys in Zambia. PLoS Med. 2013;10: e1001417. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001417 23667337

67. Ashton RA, Doumbia B, Diallo D, Druetz T, Florey L, Taylor C, et al. Measuring malaria diagnosis and treatment coverage in population-based surveys: a recall validation study in Mali among caregivers of febrile children under 5 years. Malar J. 2019;18(1): 3. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2636-3 30602376

68. Steinhardt LC, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, et al. Quality of Malaria Case Management in Malawi: Results from a Nationally Representative Health Facility Survey. Eisele T, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e89050. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089050 24586497

69. Shah MP, Briggs-Hagen M, Chinkhumba J, Bauleni A, Chalira A, Moyo D, et al. Adherence to national guidelines for the diagnosis and management of severe malaria: a nationwide, cross-sectional survey in Malawi, 2012. Malar J. 2016;15: 369. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1423-2 27430311

70. Sears D, Kigozi R, Mpimbaza A, Kakeeto S, Sserwanga A, Staedke SG, et al. Anti-malarial prescription practices among outpatients with laboratory-confirmed malaria in the setting of a health facility-based sentinel site surveillance system in Uganda. Malar J. 2013;12: 252. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-252 23870515

71. Zurovac D, Githinji S, Memusi D, Kigen S, Machini B, Muturi A, et al. Major Improvements in the Quality of Malaria Case-Management under the “Test and Treat” Policy in Kenya. Carvalho LH, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e92782. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092782 24663961

72. Bruxvoort K, Kalolella A, Nchimbi H, Festo C, Taylor M, Thomson R, et al. Getting antimalarials on target: impact of national roll-out of malaria rapid diagnostic tests on health facility treatment in three regions of Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18: 1269–1282. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12168 23937722

73. Mubi M, Kakoko D, Ngasala B, Premji Z, Peterson S, Björkman A, et al. Malaria diagnosis and treatment practices following introduction of rapid diagnostic tests in Kibaha District, Coast Region, Tanzania. Malar J. 2013;12: 293. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-293 23977904

74. Bonful HA, Awua AK, Adjuik M, Tsekpetse D, Adanu RMK, Nortey PA, et al. Extent of inappropriate prescription of artemisinin and anti-malarial injections to febrile outpatients, a cross-sectional analytic survey in the Greater Accra region, Ghana. Malar J. 2019;18(1): 331. doi: 10.1186/s12936-019-2967-8 31558149

75. Onwujekwe O, Hanson K, Uzochukwu B. Do poor people use poor quality providers? Evidence from the treatment of presumptive malaria in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16: 1087–1098. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02821.x 21702870

76. Odaga J, Sinclair D, Lokong JA, Donegan S, Hopkins H, Garner P. Rapid diagnostic tests versus clinical diagnosis for managing people with fever in malaria endemic settings. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, editor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD008998.pub2

77. Leonard K, Masatu MC. Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne Effect. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63: 2330–2340. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.003 16887245

78. Leurent B, Reyburn H, Muro F, Mbakilwa H, Schellenberg D. Monitoring patient care through health facility exit interviews: an assessment of the Hawthorne effect in a trial of adherence to malaria treatment guidelines in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16: 59. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1362-0 26842751

79. World Health Organization, Roll Back Malaria Partnership. High burden to high impact: a targeted malaria response [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Dec 5]. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/high-impact-response/en/

80. Rowe AK. Potential of integrated continuous surveys and quality management to support monitoring, evaluation, and the scale-up of health interventions in developing countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80: 971–979. 19478260

81. Alonso P, Noor AM. The global fight against malaria is at crossroads. The Lancet. 2017;390: 2532–2534. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33080-5


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS Medicine


2020 Číslo 9
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova

Důležitost adherence při depresivním onemocnění
nový kurz
Autoři: MUDr. Eliška Bartečková, Ph.D.

Koncepce osteologické péče pro gynekology a praktické lékaře
Autoři: MUDr. František Šenk

Sekvenční léčba schizofrenie
Autoři: MUDr. Jana Hořínková, Ph.D.

Hypertenze a hypercholesterolémie – synergický efekt léčby
Autoři: prof. MUDr. Hana Rosolová, DrSc.

Multidisciplinární zkušenosti u pacientů s diabetem
Autoři: Prof. MUDr. Martin Haluzík, DrSc., prof. MUDr. Vojtěch Melenovský, CSc., prof. MUDr. Vladimír Tesař, DrSc.

Všechny kurzy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#